A reference section with categories and short explanations.
Landscape terms
A technique for shaping a park landscape by planting trees 1–1.5 m apart from each other in order to more rapidly create compact stands. Such plantings, during the stage of trunk formation, are more stable and develop well. Thinning is car…
Landscape terms
A forest road, a clearing in a dense park or forest park, and also a view along alleys in Baroque-era parks and between groups of trees in a landscape park.
Landscape terms
Artistic style of the era of Napoleon I, characterized by a tendency toward monumentality and order in artistic forms. It drew on late 18th-century classicism.
Landscape terms
A large cage, pavilion, or area enclosed by a ditch or mesh, for keeping birds or animals.
Landscape terms
A series of halls or rooms. In landscape architecture — a sequence of courtyards, individual enclosed green spaces connected to each other by passages aligned along a common axis.
Landscape terms
A type of classic garden parterre characterized by a relatively simpler design formed using lawn and sand, sometimes incorporating flowers.
Landscape terms
Totality; unity. A functionally linked assemblage of structures, vegetation, and other landscape elements brought into unity and given a distinct artistic appearance. Compositional integrity and architectural-spatial unity are the main cha…
Landscape terms
Temporary lightweight structures in 18th-century parks designed for an illusory or fleeting effect (for example, a tent imitating a stone building, a footbridge made of living trees, etc.).
Landscape terms
A row of densely planted trees, pruned into a wall or trained on supports. The support is a wooden or metal lattice or wire stretched in several rows and attached to posts.
Landscape terms
A wide undeveloped open space in front of public buildings on squares and in large parks. Parterres and wide alleys with fountains and sculptures are arranged on an esplanade.
Landscape terms
A flower bed in the form of a narrow strip along an avenue or path; planted in multiple rows with one or several species of annual plants.
Landscape terms
A group of trees and shrubs on an open glade in a landscape park, formed in the shape of a circle or oval; in a formal park since the mid-19th century a flowerbed denotes a flower planting located at the intersection of paths, in front of …
Landscape terms
A planting bordering forest stands, clumps, and large tree-and-shrub groups along their perimeter. It is an important element in the composition of lawns and glades. It requires careful selection and combination of species to create color …
Landscape terms
A developed forest area organized into a specific landscape and spatial planning system through the gradual reconstruction of plantings and the arrangement of vehicular roads, promenade alleys, pedestrian paths, lawns, drainage channels, e…
Landscape terms
A structure that serves as a base or framing for jets of water that shoot upward or flow downward. Originally fountains were built primarily as a source of drinking water. Later, the combination of moving water with architecture, sculpture…
Landscape terms
A park open structure whose roof rests on columns or a post. Intended to provide shade, protection from rain, and for relaxation, conversation, reading, and board games.
Landscape terms
Vertical grading of areas to be landscaped with the aim of architectural and artistic transformation of the terrain.
Landscape terms
A small park structure in the form of an open colonnaded pavilion, usually situated on an elevation or terminating a vista. It first appeared in the second half of the 17th century in France.
Landscape terms
An artificial park structure for resting in the shade, modeled after a natural grotto in rock or in formations of natural stones.
Landscape terms
These are predominantly low-growing wild perennials that spread by rooting shoots and are valued for their showy flowers and ornamental foliage. They are used for ornamental plantings, typically on sites with extreme growing conditions: on…
Landscape terms
Woody or shrub plants planted close to one another that, according to the designer's intent, play a specific compositional role in forming the landscape of a garden or park; they are usually arranged along the edges of woodlands, on lawns …
Landscape terms
A small garden located on a roof, gallery, or special stone supports. It has a built-up soil layer for cultivating grasses, flowers, ornamental shrubs, and sometimes trees. Instead of a continuous soil layer, special portable containers fo…
Landscape terms
Plantings of trained or freely growing trees or shrubs (or their combination) intended to produce dense, impenetrable vegetation. They are usually trimmed to form a green wall. Depending on their purpose, hedges can be single-, double- or …
Landscape terms
A four-sided pillar topped with a sculpted head or bust.
Landscape terms
A structure characteristic of the period of development of garden-park and palace art of the 17th–18th centuries, representing an architectural building situated in the depths of a park, away from the palace or the main house of an estate,…
Landscape terms
A memorial grove with statues and "memorial" trees.
Landscape terms
In Ancient Rome, a garden of a characteristic shape in the form of a rectangle rounded on one side.
Landscape terms
Translated from Japanese, it means 'preserving flowers in a second life' and is an ancient original art of floral arrangement in Japan.
Landscape terms
A gentle staircase with low treads and inclined steps.
Landscape terms
A traditional work of garden and landscape art, characterized by the symbolic representation of nature in small spaces, subtle elaboration of details, creating in the visitor a certain state of contemplation.
Landscape terms
Intricate passages; appeared in gardens of the Renaissance era and became widespread in Russian parks of the 18th–19th centuries. Labyrinths in parks are usually formed from tall clipped living hedges (using hornbeam, linden, laurel). Unti…
Landscape terms
A type of garden parterre with an intricate pattern made of <мертвых> materials, usually set against a sand background. Characteristic of the heyday of classical garden art in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Landscape terms
1) a natural territorial complex, an area of the Earth's surface bounded by natural limits, within which natural components (relief, soil, vegetation, bodies of water, climate, animal life), as well as artificial, i.e. anthropogenic compon…
Landscape terms
The architecture of open spaces, a branch of urban planning whose goal is the formation of a favorable external environment for people’s daily life and recreation in cities, suburban and resort areas, and rural areas, taking into account f…
Landscape terms
A park (or part of a park) for walks and for contemplating scenes of <естественной> nature. It is distinguished by the free arrangement of roads, alleys and other layout elements, and usually includes extensive bodies of water, glades and …
Landscape terms
A technique in garden and park art, originating in the ancient gardens of China and Japan, developed in England, France, Russia and other countries in the 18th–19th centuries, characterized by the picturesqueness of groups of trees placed …
Landscape terms
A man-made turf sward composed of perennial grasses. Depending on their purpose, lawns are classified as sports, special-purpose, and ornamental (parterre, common, and meadow).
Landscape terms
A garden pavilion of the large gazebo type, usually with lavish architectural ornamentation. The term was widely used in the early 18th century (for example, the Lusthauses of the second Summer Garden in St. Petersburg are known).
Landscape terms
A large element of a garden-park landscape consisting of park-forming vegetation (from 1–4 to several dozen hectares); flower compositions covering an area of 80–150 m².
Landscape terms
An area on which monumental architectural structures are placed — mausoleums, pantheons, sculptural groups, obelisks of glory and monuments dedicated to outstanding events in the history of the people. It is usually designed as a park with…
