Chrysanthemum

Хризантема (лат. Chrysanthemum) — род однолетних и многолетних травянистых растений семейства Астровые (Asteraceae), близкий к родам Тысячелистник и Пижма, куда нередко перемещаются многие виды хризантем. По разным свидетельствам род насчитывает от 50 до 200 видов, произрастающих в умеренной и северной зонах земного шара, преимущественно в Азии.

Название происходит от греч. χρῡσανθής - «златоцветный», объясняется жёлтой окраской соцветий.

Garden chrysanthemums have a millennia-long history. In China, the native home of most chrysanthemums, cultivated forms were grown as early as 551 BC. Chrysanthemums were then introduced to Japan, where they became a national flower. The plants reached Europe in the 17th century and Russia in the mid-19th century. The decorative qualities of chrysanthemums have been highly valued, and as a result of breeding work a huge number of forms, groups and cultivars have appeared. Chrysanthemums are used in beds, borders, mixed borders, for cut flowers and as container plants.

Some species of chrysanthemum can be successfully grown outdoors, others only in greenhouses, but they are all prized by gardeners for their bright colors, long flowering period and ease of propagation.

Chrysanthemums are annual and perennial herbaceous plants, less often subshrubs.
Shoots glabrous or pubescent, 0.5 to 2 m tall. Leaves arranged alternately, simple, entire, toothed, emarginate or dissected, variable in size and shape, pubescent or not, predominantly light green.

Flowers small, gathered in a head (capitulum), in some species large, usually consisting of central tubular yellow flowers and marginal ray florets, variously colored and usually arranged in a single row; in many hybrid cultivars they are arranged in several rows and form so-called "double" flower heads. Fruit — an achene.

In cultivation:

Хризантема альпийская - Chrysanthemum alpinum L.

A perennial low-growing plant up to 10—15 cm. Leaves pinnately divided, gathered in a basal rosette. Upper surface dark green, lower surface grey-green. Erect unbranched stems bear solitary heads 2—4 cm in diameter. Flowering in July—August. Ideal for rock gardens. One of the hardy varieties with single or double heads is successfully grown in borders, flowerbeds or containers.

Хризантема кустарниковая - Chrysanthemum frutescens L.

An evergreen shrub up to 1 m tall. Shoots erect, branching, thin, woody at the base. Leaves repeatedly divided. Inflorescences are heads, more often single, less often semi-double or double, fragrant, rather large, about 5 cm in diameter, solitary or grouped 2–10 on leafy lateral branches. Tubular flowers are yellow, ray florets white, yellow or pink.

Grows well in mild climates and outdoors; its white heads with yellow centers, resembling the classic oxeye daisy, bloom in succession almost year-round. In regions with cold climates it can be grown in containers and taken indoors for the winter.

Хризантема килеватая - Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.

An annual plant, densely branched, erect, 20–70 cm tall, nearly glabrous, with a succulent stem. Leaves twice pinnately divided, on petioles. Heads usually single, sometimes semi-double or double, fragrant, fairly large, 5–7 cm in diameter, solitary or grouped 2–10 on leafy lateral branches, they do not form a complex corymb-like inflorescence and flower at different times. Ray florets white, yellow with a whitish or reddish reflex, less often unicolored yellow or white; tubular florets dark red. Blooms abundantly from late June to September.

Хризантема шелковицелистная, или китайская - Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.

A chrysanthemum of hybrid origin. A perennial plant 30–130 cm tall, shoots sturdy, erect or ascending, becoming woody at the base with age. Leaves slightly fleshy, lanceolate, obovate-lobed or oval, up to 7 cm long, aromatic. Lobes entire, coarsely toothed, their lower surface covered with gray felted pubescence. Inflorescences are heads, single, semi-double or double, fragrant, fairly large, 5–10 cm in diameter, solitary or grouped 2–10 on leafy lateral branches. Ray florets white, pink, red, yellow, orange, etc. Inner (tubular) florets yellow.

Keinen. Chrysanthemum, Chestnut Mannikin. Color woodblock, 1891

Месторасположение: fairly sun-loving and cold-hardy, relatively drought-tolerant. Chrysanthemums need a sunny, well-warmed site with drainage. By nature they tend toward drier locations.

Почва: not demanding to soils and will grow well in ordinary garden soil amended with some humus and sand. The only condition – chrysanthemums do not like acidic soils.

Уход: fertilize during the spring-summer period. For better branching and formation of a spherical shape the plant is pinched back repeatedly.

Размножение: annual species are propagated by seed; perennial species by seed, division and cuttings.

Зона: 5-10