A reference section with categories and short explanations.
Специальные термины
Plant organs from which shoots, leaves, flowers, or whole plants develop. Distinguished are apical (terminal) buds at the tip of the shoot, axillary buds in the leaf axils, dormant buds that may remain unchanged for a year and sprout only …
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Roots that arise on various parts of the shoot (stem, leaves and their derivatives).
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An outgrowth of the funiculus by which the seed is attached to the wall of the ovary. It may develop into a fleshy, brightly colored structure.
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Reduced or modified green (or otherwise colored) leaf at the base of a flower. Sometimes several bracts are formed.
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Removal of the soft apical tips of shoots with the fingers. This promotes better branching of the plant and bushier growth.
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The plant's vessels through which nutrients dissolved in water are transported upward, and waste substances downward. Thanks to them, systemic delivery of insecticides to all parts of the plant is possible.
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Flowers that have a small number of petals. Often pollen can be found on the pot in which they grow.
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The upper part of the stamen, the pollen sac.
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Grown by crossing male and female cells.
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Diversity of plants within a single family.
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Plants that lose their leaves at the end of the growing season.
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The main taxonomic rank above the species that groups phylogenetically closely related species.
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A group of leaves densely arranged on an underground or aboveground stem with shortened internodes.
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The upper part of the pistil onto which pollen lands during pollination and where it germinates.
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Reproduction of plants by means of seeds. Annuals and perennials are propagated this way. They retain their cultivar characteristics. The opposite method is vegetative propagation.
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Organ of reproduction and dispersal in seed plants. It is differentiated into the embryo, the seed coat, and a protective covering. Often contains nutrients.
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An organ formed as a result of the partial or complete fusion of many fruits. The ripe multiple fruit separates from the plant as a whole (for example, in fig, raspberry).
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A branched shoot or a specialized part of a shoot that usually bears numerous flowers in the axils of reduced leaves. Various types of inflorescences are formed: spikes, spadices, umbels, panicles, heads (capitula), racemes.
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An organ of asexual reproduction in spore-bearing plants. It is a small, often microscopic body of various shapes.
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A capsule-like spore-bearing structure in spore-producing plants, often distinguishable only under strong magnification. In ferns, sporangia are most often located on the underside of the spore-bearing leaves.
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A state into which a plant enters during seasonal changes or other unfavorable conditions for growth, such as high temperatures, a shortage of water, or nutrients. In a state of dormancy the rate of growth and the intensity of metabolism d…
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A vegetative organ that is the axis of the shoot, bearing buds, leaves, flowers and fruit.
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A plant with water-storing tissue in the stems.
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Low-growing plants that form a carpet-like covering on the soil.
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A thin horizontal shoot with long internodes, ending in a bud, serving for vegetative reproduction.
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A solid base on which plants are grown.
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Plants with thick, fleshy stems and leaves.
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Arrangement of leaves in which two leaves arise from a stem node and are positioned opposite each other.
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The optimal soil and air temperature at which seed germination occurs.
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Non-woody plants that die back to ground level at the end of the growing season.
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The lower, often elongated part of the corolla, formed by the partially or completely fused bases of the petals.
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A tube formed by fused staminal filaments (for example, in mallows).
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Flowers of plants that have a regular five-lobed corolla. They are most often located in the central part of the inflorescence and are often surrounded by ray flowers.
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Part of a male or bisexual flower that produces pollen. Consists of a filament and an anther.
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Part of the stamen that connects the anther to the perianth, usually thin, less often widened and flattened. Partial or complete fusion of the filaments and formation of a staminal tube is possible.
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Point where a leaf or a whorl of leaves is attached to the stem.
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Trailing shoots. A clinging organ of the plant. There are tendrils that develop on shoots and leaves, for example, in passionflower plants.
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A modified flattened shoot of a leaf-like form, located in the axil of a small membranous leaf (for example, in Asparagus).
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Pruning of trees and shrubs (yew, boxwood, etc.) to shape the crown to the desired configuration.
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The process of forming carbohydrates in plant cells from carbon dioxide and water using light energy in the presence of chlorophyll.
